Solution:

Characteristics:

• Usually long warning, derived from systematic international meteorological observation (including remote sensing);

• Speed of onset gradual;

• Tends to conform to seasonal patterns;

• Major effects arise mainly from destructive force winds, storm surge (producing inundation), and flooding from intense rainfall. Landslides may follow flooding and heavy rainfall; and

• Destruction and/or severe damage to buildings and other structures, roads, essential services, crops, and the environment generally. Major loss of life and livestock may occur.

General countermeasures:

• Effective warning arrangements;

• Precautionary measures during the warning period (e.g., boarding up buildings, closing public facilities);

• Moving people to safe shelters;

• General readiness and cleanup measures prior to an expected cyclone season (especially to reduce the risk of flying objects);

• Building regulations, and • Public education and awareness.

Special problem areas for disaster management:

• Assessing effects and needs may be difficult, especially due to bad the weather following the impact of the main disaster and the problems of access and movement caused by high damage levels;

• Widespread destruction or loss of counter-disaster resources (e.g., transport, emergency food, medical supplies, and shelter materials);

• Difficulty of access and movement in carrying out urgent relief operations, especially emergency feeding, shelter, and medical assistance programs;

• Search and rescue;

• Widespread destruction/disruption of essential services;

• Evacuating; and

• Rehabilitating agriculture, especially tree crops.