Solution:

A large number of components require further processing after the primary processes.

These components are subjected to one or more machining operations in machine shops, to obtain the desired shape and dimensional accuracy on flat and cylindrical jobs.

Thus, the jobs undergoing these operations are the roughly finished products received through primary shaping processes.

The process of removing the undesired or unwanted material from the workpiece or job or component to produce a required shape using a cutting tool is known as machining.

This can be done by a manual process or by using a machine called a machine tool (traditional machines namely lathe, milling machine, drilling, shaper, planner, slotter).

In many cases, these operations are performed on rods, bars, and flat surfaces in machine shops.

These secondary processes are mainly required for achieving dimensional accuracy and a very high degree of surface finish.

The secondary processes require the use of one or more machine tools, various single or multi-point cutting tools (cutters), job holding devices, marking and measuring instruments, testing devices and gauges, etc.

for getting desired dimensional control and the required degree of surface finish on the workpieces.

Example of parts produced by machining processes includes hand tools machine tools instruments, automobile parts, nuts, bolts, gears, etc.

A lot of material is wasted as scrap in the secondary or machining process.

Some of the common secondary or machining processes are:

(1) Turning,

(2) Threading,

(3) Knurling,

(4) Milling,

(5) Drilling,

(6) Boring,

(7) Planning,

(8) Shaping,

(9) Slotting,

(10) Sawing,

(11) Broaching,

(12) Hobbing,

(13) Grinding,

(14) Gear cutting,

(15) Thread cutting, and

(16) Unconventional machining processes namely machining with Numerical Control (NC) machines tools or Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines tools using ECM, LBM, AJM, USM setups, etc.