Solution:

Controlling:

• The Control function is closely related to all other functions of management. Management control is the process of ensuring that the actual plan implementation matches the original plan. It is an ongoing and dynamic function and linked with other functions of the management in a circular relationship.

Definition:

• Controlling is the measurement of accomplishment against the standards and the correction of deviation to assure attainment of objectives according to plan.‖

Steps in Control Process:

The control process involves four basic steps as mentioned below:-

1. Establishing standards:-

• Standard represents criteria of performance. This implies that the statement of goals and objectives envisaged under the planning the process is stated in clear and measurable terms along with specific milestones.

• The standard should have some characteristics to produce effective performance.

2. Measurement of performance against standards:

• The measurement of performance is an ongoing process. Several techniques are used by the management to measure performance.

3. Comparing the actual performances with standards:

• The measured results are compared with the project and standards. In case the performance meets the standards, then it would mean that the performance or activity is progressing in the desired direction.

4. Taking corrective action:

• In the situations when performance does not confirm the specified criteria of the standards, then it is necessary to take corrective measures to deal with the observed deviations in the performance.

Method of control process:

Self-control:

• Each employee must exercise self-control and do what is expected at work most of the time on most work-related matters, as no enterprise can exist without self-control.

• Self-control stems from the employee’s ego, orientation, training, and work attitudes.

Group control:

• It affects individuals both in output and behavior. Group norms of doing a good job exert pressure on the individual to perform and follow work rules.

Policies and procedures:

• They are guides to action for managers to use in controlling the behavior and output of employees.

• They can, for example, protect the firms’ resources and equipment and require employees’ presence for appropriate work times.