Describe ubiquitous and hierarchical access and compare them.

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Ubiquitous access

The ubiquitous access approach allows all users to transmit and receive data from users to transmit and receive data from all areas of the network across a shared device or medium
In this a single intelligent Layer 2 or 3 switch or router provides WAN access for entire buildings LAN connectivity between LAN in 12 departments
Any user or any LAN can pass data through hub or routing device as well as access any other device in the network.
This style of access is good for organization that are spread out and non-structured in nature.
This style provides one-dimensional flat network and used with smaller network.
Performances with performance degradation are easily diagnosed and the network can be more difficult to manage.
It offers a very large single point of failure that can take every user down at one time.

Hierarchical access

Hierarchical access provides a user access hierarchy in which traffic defined for its own local metropolitan and wide area remains in that geographical area rather than accessing common switching or routing point to the backbone as in the ubiquitous access.
Each user is connected to a floor LAN, each LAN is connected to a building LANs are connected to one campus MAN and the campus MAN is connected to the WAN.
Connectivity between segments is accomplished via bridges, routers or LAN switches.
It is used in larger network.
A deviation of the Hierarchical design would be to use LAN switches instead of bridges or routers on each floor and the building LAN or MAN would be internal to an L2/L3 switch or router.
Hierarchical access topology allows the capability of connectivity low speed LANs to high speed LANs, MANs, WANs etc.
Hierarchical style network helps to protect users from broadcast storms and mark it easier for administration to regulate and secure traffic flows between segments.

Comparison between ubiquitous and hierarchical access

Sr No.	Ubiquitous access	Hierarchical access
1.	The ubiquitous approach allows all users to transmit and receive data for all areas of network across a shared device or medium.	Hierarchical access provides a user access hierarchy in which traffic defined for its own local metropolitan and wide area remains in that geographical region.
2.	Performance is low	Performance is high due to enhanced segment
3.	No protection from broadcast storm	Protection from broadcast storm
4.	They are spread out and non-structured in nature. It provides 1-D flat network and is used with smaller network.	They are used for structured and layered networks
5.	Isolation and diagnosis of problems are difficult and slow	Isolation and diagnosis of problems are easier and fast
6.	Traffic is less	More Traffic
7.	No cost of network equipment	Additional cost of the network equipment and services to localize the network
8.	Security administration is not easy to regulate and traffic flow between segment is not secured.	Security administration is easy to regulate and secured traffic flow between segment
9.	All services can talk to all other servers so all resources can be shared across entire LAN.	More servers are needed to ensure local access of server based information and segmentation of that access

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