Types of errors

1) GROSS ERROR:-

1. These errors occur mainly due to human mistakes in taking the readings.
2. These errors are known as personal errors.
3. These errors cannot be mathematically treated.

4. These errors cannot be eliminated by can be minimized.

    

2) SYSTEMATIC ERROR:-

1. These errors are referred to as fixed errors.
2. These errors are due to shortcomings of the instruments such as defective components or parts and effects of environment.
3. They can be classified as:-

-Instrumental errors:-

1. Due to shortcoming in the instruments
2. Due to mishandling
3. Due to improper use
4. Due to loading effects

-Environmental errors:-

1. Effect of humidity.
2. Effect of pressure

3. Effect of temperature

    

2) OBSERVATION ERRORS:-

These are errors introduced by the observer. these errors occur due to error while reading a meter, improper scale selection etc.

3) SCHEMATIC ERRORS:-

1. It is subdivided into static or dynamic errors.
2. Static errors are due to limitations of instrument .

3. Dynamic error occurs due to slow or sluggish response of the instrument.

    

4) RANDOM ERRORS:-

1. These errors occur due to unknown causes.
2. These errors are small and follow laws of probability.
3. These errors can be treated mathematically.