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| Nematic Phases | Smectic Phases | Cholesteric Phases |
|---|---|---|
| In a nematic phase, the calamitic or rod-shaped organic molecules have no positional order, but they self-align to have long-range directional order with their long axes roughly parallel | In the smectic state, the molecules maintain the general orientational order of nematics, but also tend to align themselves in layers or planes | Columnar liquid crystals are shaped like disks instead of long rods. This mesophase is characterized by stacked columns of molecules. The columns are packed together to form a two-dimensional crystalline array. The arrangement of the molecules within the columns and the arrangement of the columns themselves lead to new mesophases |
| Molecules in this phase do not show a degree of translational order | Molecules in this phase show a degree of translational order | Molecules in this phase do not show a degree of translational order |
| They are found at lower temperature | They are found at higher temperature | They are found at lower temperature |
| Nematic columnar liquid crystals have no long-range order and are less organized | They are randomly oriented. | Columnar phases with long-range order are classified by their two-dimensional |
| Lattices: Hexagonal, tetragonal, rectangular, and oblique phases. |
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