Differentiate between temporary and permanent hardness.

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Temporary Hardness	Permanent Hardness
Temporary hardness can be removed simply by boiling the water (see later).	Permanent hardness cannot be removed by boiling but can often be removed by chemical treatment (see later).
Temporary hardness is caused by calcium and/or magnesium hydrogencarbonate. These are formed as carbonated rain water passes over rocks containing carbonate ions, for example:

$H_2O(l) + CO_2(g) + CaCO_3(s)\rightarrow Ca(HCO_3)_2(aq)$$H_2O(l) + CO_2(g) + MgCO_3(s) \rightarrow Mg(HCO_3)_2(aq)$ | Permanent hardness is caused by calcium and/or magnesium sulphate. These are formed as water passes over rocks containing sulphate ions, for example $aq. + CaSO_4(s)\rightarrow Ca^{2+}(aq) + SO_4^{2-}(aq)$$aq. + MgSO_4(s)\rightarrow Mg^{2+}(aq) + SO_4^{2-}(aq)$ |

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