Effects of the alloying element are given as follows:

• Austenite stabilizers such as Nickel, Manganese, Copper and Nitrogen tend to raise temperatures A4 temperature and lower A1 and A3 temperature as a result of which more austenite region is present in the above diagram as compared to ferrite region. These elements are more stable in austenite region of steel.
• Ferrite stabilizers such as Chromium, Tungsten, Vanadium, Molybdenum, Silicon and Aluminum more stable in ferrite region. By addition of these elements into the steel the proportion of ferrite region increases by reducing the area occupied by austenite region in the iron-iron equilibrium diagram.

• If the proportion of these elements increases there forms a gamma loop by joining A4 and A3 temperatures. In this phase Ferrite exists from room temperature to melting point of steel.