Gradient:-It is the rate of rise or fall of ground with respective to horizontal, is known as Gradient

Types of gradient –

1) Ruling gradient – The gradient which is commonly provided under normal condition is known as ruling gradient.

2) Limiting gradient – The maximum gradient provided more than ruling gradient due to topography, is known as limiting gradient.

3) Exceptional gradient – The gradient provided in extraordinary situation (very short length road) is known as exceptional gradient.

4) Floating gradient – The gradient provided such that vehicle will move with constant speed without application of brakes or power, is known as floating gradient.

5) Minimum gradient – The minimum value of gradient provided for removal of water, is known as minimum gradient.

6) Average Gradient – The average of both maximum and minimum gradient can be considered as average gradient.