1] Select. $(\sigma)$

2] Project. $(\pi)$

3] Set intersection. (n)

4] Natural join.

1] Select $(\sigma)$ - It is used to specify any condition on relation.

syntax

$\sigma$ condition (R)

condition is executed on relation R.

$\sigma$ sal>1000 (customer)

• when this query is executed all customers whose salary is more …