Distance : Ultrasound, IR, IR-sharp, LVDT

Velocity : same as above w.r.t time, Long range - GPS

Acceleration : Accelerometer

Angle : shaft encoder - optical,electrical,mechanical

Angular velocity : same as above w.r.t time

Rotation/revolution : Tachometer,optical

Force : strain guage, load cell

Pressure : same as above, pressure pads, capactitive

Liquid level : Bi-point, Multi point,capacitive,resistive

Temperature : Thermister, Thermocouple

Light/Luminous intensity : LDR,LCD

Directional light/optical : IR,PIR/PID,visible light diodes, detector pairs.

Voltage : Direct - Pot, Pot divider

Current : Current transformers

Electrical energy : V,I with power factor

Power factor : V,I and ZCD

R,C,L : Based on V/I characteristics

Magnetic field/field intensity : Based on current

Time : Crystal, measured delays