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Net -Sectnal area:-
Chain boting when bolting is done in one line is known as chain bolting
An=(b-ndo) X t
b)Zig Zag bolting-bolt holes may be staggered in zig zag fshion with pitch & gauge as showin in fig
$An=(b-ndo+\sum\frac{p^{2}}{4g}) X t$