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Compiler: It is a computer program that transforms the source code written in a programming or source language into another computer language i.e. target language i.e. binary code known as object code.
Linker/Locator:
It is used for relocation process.
It is done during compilation also it can be done at run time by a relocating loader.
It is a program that takes one or more objects generated by compiler and combines them into a single executable program.
Debugger
Debugger allows you to download your code to the emulator's memory and then control all of the functions of the emulator from a PC.
Common debugging features include the capability to examine and modify the microcontroller's on-chip registers, data- and program-memory; pausing or stopping program executing at defined program locations by setting breakpoints; single-stepping (execute one instruction at a time) through the code; and looking at a history of executed code (trace).
Cross compiler:
It is used to create executable code other than one on which the compiler is run.
They are used to generate executable for embedded systems or multiple platforms.