Acting humanly: The Turing Test Approach

Definition: The art of creating machines that perform functions that perform functions that requires intelligence when performed by people.

According to this test, a computer needs to interact with human interrogator by answering his questions in written format. Computer passes the test if human interrogator, cannot identify whether the written responses from a person or a computer. Turing test is valid even after 60 years of research.

For this test, the computer would need to possess the following capabilities:

a. Natural Language Processing: This unit enables computer to interact the English language and communicate successfully.

b. Knowledge Representation: This unit is used to store knowledge gathered by the system through input devices.

c. Automated Reasoning: This unit enables to analyze the knowledge stored in the system and makes new interfaces to answer questions.

d. Machine Learning: This unit learns new knowledge by taking current input from the environment and adapts to new circumstances, thereby enhancing the knowledge base of the system.

Thinking Humanly: The Cognitive Modelling Approach.

Definition: The exciting new effort to make computers think machines with minds, in the full and literal sense.

Cognitive science is interdisciplinary field which combines computer models from Artificial Intelligence with the techniques of psychology in order to construct precise and testable theories for working of human mind.

In order to make machines think like human, we need to first understand how human think.

Research showed that there are various three ways using which human’s thinking pattern can be caught.

a. Introspection: Through which human can catch their own thoughts as they go by.

b. Psychological experiments: can be carried out by observing a person in action.

c. Brain imaging can be done by observing the brain in action.

By catching the human thinking pattern it can be implemented in Computer system as a program and if the program’s input and output matches with that of human, then it can be claimed that the system can operate like humans.

Thinking Rationally: The “Laws of Thought” Approach

Definition: The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models.

The laws of thought are supposed to implement operation of the mind and their study initiated the field called logic. It provides precise notations to express facts of the real world.

It also includes reasoning and “right thinking” that is irrefutable thinking process. Also computer programs based on those logic notations were developed to create intelligent systems.

There are two problems on this approach:

1. This approach is not suitable to use when 100% knowledge is not available for any problem.

2. As vast number of computations was required even to implement a simple human reasoning process; practically, all problems were not solvable because even problems with just a few hundred facts can exhaust the computational resources of any computer.

Acting Rationally: The Rational Agent Approach

Definition: Computational Intelligence is the study of the design of intelligent agents.

Rational Agent:

Agent perceive their environment through sensors over a prolonged time period and adapt changes to create and pursue goals and take actions through actuators to achieve those goals. A rational agent is the one that does the right things and acts rationally so as to achieve the best outcome even when there is uncertainty in knowledge.

The rational agent approach has two advantages over the other approaches:

i. As compared to the other approaches this is the more general approach as, rationality can be achieved by selecting the correct inference from the several available.

ii. Rationality has specific standards and is mathematically well defined and completely general and can be used to develop agent designs that achieve it. Human behavior, on the other hand, is very subjective and can we proved mathematically