. REVERSE OSOMOSIS-

Where the solvent flow form low conc solution to higher conc solution, through the semi permeable membrane, unit difference in water levels creates a sufficient pressure to counter act (act aganist & make of less effect) the original flow is called as osmosis. The difference in water levels represents osmotic pressure of the solution. The reversal of solvent flow, from higher conc solution to lower conc solution through a semi permeable membrane, by applying an external pressure slightly higher than the osmotic pressure of higher conc solution is known as reverse osmosis.

Thus in reverse osmosis we separate water from its contaminants rather than contaminants from water and which can be remove particles in the size range of 0.0001-0.001 micron.

Advantages-

1) It has the most efficient means of removing ionic as well as non-ionic, colloidal and high molecular weight organic matter.

2) For waters with total dissolve solids of 200 or more, revers osmosis is less expensive than ion exchange

3) It is simple to operate and maintain

4) The maintenance cost depends on the replacement of the semi-permeable membrane. The life time of the membrane is two years.

Industrial Application-

1) Drinking Water

2) Humidification

3) Ice-making

4) Boiler water

5) Biomedical applications

6) Laboratory applications

7) Photography

8) Pharamaceutical production

9) Kidney Dialysis

10) Cosmetics

11) Animal feed

12) Battery water

13) Waste water treatment

14) Hemodialysis