Memory is an abstraction referring to a set of skills rather than to an object. Memory is generally viewed as consisting of three stage : (a) Acquisition refers to learning the material; (b) Storage refers to keeping the material in the brain until it is needed; and (c) Retrieval refers to getting the material back out when it is needed. These three stages may be viewed as the 3 R's of Remembering: Recording, Retaining and Retrieving. We cannot do much about retrieval directly; but since retrieval is a function of recording, we can improve it by improving our methods of recording.
Memory consists of at least two different processes: short-term memory and long-term memory Short term memory has a limited capacity and a rapid forgetting rate. Its capacity can be increased by chunking or grouping separate bits of information into larger chunks. Long-term memory has a virtually unlimited capacity. Short-term memory and long term memory also differ in several other ways.
One measure of memory is recall, which requires you to produce information by searching the memory for it. In aided recall, you are given cues to help you produce the information. In free-recall learning, you recall the material in any order; and in paired-associate learning you can learn pair of words so that when the first word is given, you can recall the second word. A second measure of memory is recognition, in which you do not have to produce the information from memory, but must be able to identify it when it is presented to you. In a third measure of memory, relearning, the difference between how long it took to learn the material the first time and how long it takes to learn it again indicates how much you remember. Relearning is generally a more sensitive measure of memory than is recognition, in the sense of showing retention where recognition does not; recognition is generally a more sensitive measure than recall.
Some material may be remembered in visual from (pictures), and other material may be remembered in verbal from (words). Visual images are easier to remember than words alone, leading some researchers to suggest that we should try to use visual images as much as possible in memory.
There are several explanations why we forget Passive-decay theory says that learning causes a physical 'trace' in the brain that decays with time, Repression theory says that we purposely push unpleasant or unacceptable memories into our unconscious mind. Systematic-distortion theory says that our memories may be distorted by our values and interests, to be consistent with how we want the memories to be or how we think they should be. Interference theory says that forgetting is due to problems in retrieving the information and that we can remember almost anything if given the right cues.

The cement manufacturing process beings when limestone, the basic raw material used to make cement, is transported by rail to the Edmonton plant from the Cadomin limestone quarry 220 kilometres west of Edmonton. The limestone is combined with clay, ground in a crusher and fed into the additive soils, sand, iron and bottom ash are then combined with the limestone and clay in a carefully controlled mixture which is ground into a fine powder in 2000 hp roller mill. Next, the fine powder is heated as it passes through the Pre-Heater Tower into a large kiln, which is over half the length of a football field and 4.2 meters in diameter. In the kiln, the powder is heated to 1500 degrees Celsius. This creates a new product, called clinker, which resembles pellets about the size of marbles. The clinker is combined with small amounts of gypsum and limestone and finely ground in a finishing mill. The mill is a large revolving cylinder containing 250 tonnes of steel balls that is driven by a 4000 hp motor. The finished cement is ground so fine that it can pass through a sieve that will hold water. The cement manufacturing process consists of many simultaneous and continuous operations using some of the largest moving machinery in manufacturing. Over 5000 sensors and 50 computers allow the entire operation to be controlled by a single operator from a central control room.

(16 marks) 2 Convert the following into passive voice:
(a) The lawyers document the records carefully.
(b) We cannot twist and bend certain metals to the desired shapes.(2 marks) 3 Give the opposites of the following words, using appropriate prefixes:

Hindi film industry, popularly __________ (know) as bollywood set up Hindi cinema against Hollywood movies. Bollywood films __________ (juggle) several genres and __________ (contain) whole range of emotions, but as Amitabh says, "these films __________ (provide) poetic justice in just three hours, a feat that none of us can achieve in lifetime!"